How Encryption Keys Are Generated
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Creating and managing keys is an important part of the cryptographic process. Symmetric algorithms require the creation of a key and an initialization vector (IV). The key must be kept secret from anyone who should not decrypt your data. The IV does not have to be secret, but should be changed for each session. Asymmetric algorithms require the creation of a public key and a private key. The public key can be made public to anyone, while the private key must known only by the party who will decrypt the data encrypted with the public key. This section describes how to generate and manage keys for both symmetric and asymmetric algorithms.
Symmetric Keys
Key encryption key (KEK): is an encryption key whose function it is to encrypt and decrypt the DEK. Key management application program interface (KM API): is an application interface that is designed to securely retrieve and pass along encryption keys from a key management server to the client requesting the keys. To create an asymmetric CMK for public key encryption, in Key usage, choose Encrypt and decrypt. Or, to create an asymmetric CMK for signing messages and verifying signatures, in Key usage, choose Sign and verify. Ways to generate symmetric and asymmetric keys. We are using Beaglebone Black based custom board, and want to use hybrid encryption for encrypting firmware file, i.e. Symmetric for encryption big firmware file and asymmetric for encrypting symmetric key file. Therefore, a robust encryption key management system and policies includes: Key lifecycle: key generation, pre-activation, activation, expiration, post-activation, escrow, and destruction. Physical access to the key server(s) Logical access to the key server(s) User/Role access to the encryption keys.
The symmetric encryption classes supplied by the .NET Framework require a key and a new initialization vector (IV) to encrypt and decrypt data. Whenever you create a new instance of one of the managed symmetric cryptographic classes using the parameterless constructor, a new key and IV are automatically created. Anyone that you allow to decrypt your data must possess the same key and IV and use the same algorithm. Generally, a new key and IV should be created for every session, and neither the key nor IV should be stored for use in a later session.
Public key encryption, or public key cryptography, is a method of encrypting data with two different keys and making one of the keys, the public key, available for anyone to use. The other key is known as the private key. Apr 16, 2018 In cryptography a ‘key’ is a piece of information used in combination with an algorithm (a ‘cipher’) to transform plaintext into ciphertext (encryption) and vice versa (decryption). A cipher can be ‘reciprocal’ if it is used for both encryption and decryption, or ‘non-reciprocal’ if a transformation to the key is required when using it in reverse.
Apr 16, 2018 A key pair generated for Alice. Cryptography and encryption keys is a rabbit hole that only gets deeper, but hopefully these universal concepts will help new areas make sense.
To communicate a symmetric key and IV to a remote party, you would usually encrypt the symmetric key by using asymmetric encryption. Sending the key across an insecure network without encrypting it is unsafe, because anyone who intercepts the key and IV can then decrypt your data. For more information about exchanging data by using encryption, see Creating a Cryptographic Scheme.
The following example shows the creation of a new instance of the TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider class that implements the TripleDES algorithm.
When the previous code is executed, a new key and IV are generated and placed in the Key and IV properties, respectively.
Sometimes you might need to generate multiple keys. In this situation, you can create a new instance of a class that implements a symmetric algorithm and then create a new key and IV by calling the GenerateKey and GenerateIV methods. The following code example illustrates how to create new keys and IVs after a new instance of the symmetric cryptographic class has been made.
When the previous code is executed, a key and IV are generated when the new instance of TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider is made. Another key and IV are created when the GenerateKey and GenerateIV methods are called.
Asymmetric Keys
The .NET Framework provides the RSACryptoServiceProvider and DSACryptoServiceProvider classes for asymmetric encryption. These classes create a public/private key pair when you use the parameterless constructor to create a new instance. Asymmetric keys can be either stored for use in multiple sessions or generated for one session only. While the public key can be made generally available, the private key should be closely guarded.
A public/private key pair is generated whenever a new instance of an asymmetric algorithm class is created. After a new instance of the class is created, the key information can be extracted using one of two methods:
The ToXmlString method, which returns an XML representation of the key information.
The ExportParameters method, which returns an RSAParameters structure that holds the key information.
Both methods accept a Boolean value that indicates whether to return only the public key information or to return both the public-key and the private-key information. An RSACryptoServiceProvider class can be initialized to the value of an RSAParameters structure by using the ImportParameters method.
Asymmetric private keys should never be stored verbatim or in plain text on the local computer. If you need to store a private key, you should use a key container. For more on how to store a private key in a key container, see How to: Store Asymmetric Keys in a Key Container.
The following code example creates a new instance of the RSACryptoServiceProvider class, creating a public/private key pair, and saves the public key information to an RSAParameters structure.
See also
You will have to generate a private and a public encryption key in order to securely send the order information to FastSpring.
There are two ways on how to generate these keys. The easy way or the long way. The easy way is only possible, if your server is supporting openssl functionalities needed for encryption key generation. These openssl functionalities will be detected by the plugin and so, depending on your server, you will either see the “Generate private and public key” button in the plugin settings page or you wont. If you see the button, then you will be able to use the easy way, if you don’t then please look at the instructions for the long way.
Easy way
- click on the “Generate private and public key” button in the plugins settings
- if the key generation was successful, dismiss the alert message and download the public-key.pem file, by clicking on the “Download private and public key” link
- save the plugin settings
- login to your FastSpring dashboard and navigate to Integrations » Store Builder Library. Upload the public-key.pem file to the Public Certificate option.
That’s it! 🙂
Long way
The private and public keys will have to be generated on your computer, so let’s look at how to generate them.
Generate the private/public keys
The generation of these private/public keys differ, depending on which computer operating system you are using. Please follow the instructions for the OS your computer is using.
macOS and Linux
On macOS and on Linux, you should open the terminal program and execute the commands displayed below:
Create a 2048-bit RSA private key. Don’t share this key with anyone, use it only in the EDD FastSpring plugin settings. This key will be used to encrypt the orders. Use this command to generate the privatekey.pem file which will contain your private key. The file will be created in the position, that the terminal is currently located in (usually your home directory).
openssl genrsa -out privatekey.pem 2048
Create a 2048-bit RSA public key. Only share this key with FastSpring. FastSpring will use your public key PEM file publiccert.pem to decrypt the orders. The file will be created in the position, that the terminal is currently located in (usually your home directory). After you run this command a few short questions will be presented to you, which you can skip, by hitting “enter” key for each of them.
openssl req -new -key privatekey.pem -x509 -days 3650 -out publiccert.pem
Now that you have generated these keys, you have to configure the EDD FastSpring plugin and the FastSpring Dashboard, so look at these instructions in the sections below.
Windows
For generation of these private/public keys your computer needs OpenSSL. Windows does not have that installed by default, so we will have to do that ourselves.
- Go to this website: https://slproweb.com/products/Win32OpenSSL.html
- In the “Download Win32 OpenSSL” section download the latest appropriate “Light” version of the OpenSSL installer. By “appropriate” I mean the version of Windows you are using (32bit or 64bit). I’m using the 64-bit Windows, so at the time of writing this, the latest version to download is “Win64 OpenSSL v1.1.0f Light”.
- Install the downloaded installer file as you would any other windows application (leave the default installation path, because it will be needed later on). In the last step, you can uncheck the donation option and click on “Finish”.
So, the OpenSSL is now installed on your Windows computer and we can generate the private and public keys.
Click on your Windows start button and search for “Command Prompt” (cmd), right click on the “Command Prompt” and choose to “Run as administrator”. Click on “yes”, when the window for the administration conformation pops up.
Copy and paste this command into the cmd and hit enter (this will position the cmd location to your desktop, where we will generate the private/public keys):
cd %userprofile%Desktop
Depending on which version of Windows you have and therefore which version of OpenSSL you installed, you will have to use a specific path to the OpenSSL executable.
By default the paths are:
- If you installed the win32 version, the path will be:
C:OpenSSL-Win32binopenssl.exe - If you installed the win64 version, the path will be:
C:OpenSSL-Win64binopenssl.exe
I’m using the win64 version, so I’ll use that path in the example, if you are using the win32, then just change the “64” in the path to “32”.
How Encryption Keys Are Generated Iphone
Create a 2048-bit RSA private key. Don’t share this key with anyone, use it only in the EDD FastSpring plugin settings. This key will be used to encrypt the orders. Use this command to generate the privatekey.pem file which will contain your private key.
C:OpenSSL-Win64binopenssl.exe genrsa -out privatekey.pem 2048
/autodesk-2011-product-key-generator.html. Create a 2048-bit RSA public key. Only share this key with FastSpring. FastSpring will use your public key PEM file publiccert.pem to decrypt the orders. After you run this command a few short questions will be presented to you, which you can skip, by hitting “enter” key for each of them.
C:OpenSSL-Win64binopenssl.exe req -new -key privatekey.pem -x509 -days 3650 -out publiccert.pem
Now that you have generated these keys, you have to configure the EDD FastSpring plugin and the FastSpring Dashboard, so look at these instructions in the sections below.
EDD FastSpring settings
Open the privatekey.pem file you generated earlier with a text editor (right-click to the file and choose to open with any text editor like Sublime Text or native text editor of your OS). Copy the content of this file.
Go to your WordPress admin dashboard and navigate to the EDD FastSpring plugin settings (Downloads » Settings » Payment Gateways » FastSpring).
Paste the private key content into the Private encryption key setting. Save the settings.
FastSpring dashboard configuration
How Encryption Keys Are Generated Free
Login to your FastSpring dashboard and navigate to Integrations » Store Builder Library. Upload the publiccert.pem file to the Public Certificate option.
How Encryption Keys Are Generated In One
If you have any issues with generating these keys or questions, you can always contact our support and we will help you out 🙂